Study Database
Reference entries from compound overviews, plus additional PubMed studies cited in comparisons. Papers cited for more than one compound can appear more than once. Filter by compound, evidence model, outcome area, or year, and follow the source links for methods and limitations. A human study may measure an endogenous peptide or a related compound; it does not necessarily test the research material sold in the store.
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Compound
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Showing 334 of 334 reference entries
| Model | Compound | Study | Journal | Outcome area | Link |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Review | bpc-157 | Sikirić P (1993). A new gastric juice peptide, BPC. An overview of the stomach-stress-organoprotection hypothesis and beneficial effects of BPC | J Physiol Paris | pharmacology | PMID 8298609 |
| Review | bpc-157 | Sikiric P (2006). Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel disease (PL-10, PLD-116, PL 14736, Pliva, Croatia). Full and distended stomach, and vascular response | Inflammopharmacology | other | PMID 17186181 |
| Review | bpc-157 | Sikiric P (2014). Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-NO-system relation | Curr Pharm Des | pharmacology | PMID 23755725 |
| Animal | bpc-157 | Hsieh MJ (2017). Therapeutic potential of pro-angiogenic BPC157 is associated with VEGFR2 activation and up-regulation | J Mol Med (Berl) | wound-healing | PMID 27847966 |
| In vitro | bpc-157 | Chang CH (2011). The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration | J Appl Physiol (1985) | tendon | PMID 21030672 |
| Animal | bpc-157 | Sikirić P (1997). The influence of a novel pentadecapeptide, BPC 157, on N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methylester and L-arginine effects on stomach mucosa integrity and blood pressure | Eur J Pharmacol | cardiovascular | PMID 9298922 |
| Animal | bpc-157 | Klicek R (2008). Pentadecapeptide BPC 157, in clinical trials as a therapy for inflammatory bowel disease (PL14736), is effective in the healing of colocutaneous fistulas in rats: role of the nitric oxide-system | J Pharmacol Sci | wound-healing | PMID 18818478 |
| Animal | bpc-157 | Staresinic M (2003). Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth | J Orthop Res | tendon | PMID 14554208 |
| Animal | bpc-157 | Cerovecki T (2010). Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat | J Orthop Res | tendon | PMID 20225319 |
| Animal | bpc-157 | Staresinic M (2006). Effective therapy of transected quadriceps muscle in rat: Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 | J Orthop Res | wound-healing | PMID 16609979 |
| Animal | bpc-157 | Novinscak T (2008). Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as an effective therapy for muscle crush injury in the rat | Surg Today | wound-healing | PMID 18668315 |
| Animal | bpc-157 | Japjec M (2021). Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 as a Therapy for the Disable Myotendinous Junctions in Rats | Biomedicines | tendon | PMID 34829776 |
| Review | bpc-157 | Sikiric P (2024). New studies with stable gastric pentadecapeptide protecting gastrointestinal tract. significance of counteraction of vascular and multiorgan failure of occlusion/occlusion-like syndrome in cytoprotection/organoprotection | Inflammopharmacology | other | PMID 38980576 |
| Review | bpc-157 | Vukojevic J (2022). Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system | Neural Regen Res | neuro | PMID 34380875 |
| Review | bpc-157 | Józwiak M (2025). Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide-Literature and Patent Review | Pharmaceuticals (Basel) | other | PMID 40005999 |
| Review | bpc-157 | Vasireddi N (2025). Emerging Use of BPC-157 in Orthopaedic Sports Medicine: A Systematic Review | HSS J | tendon | PMID 40756949 |
| Review | bpc-157 | Mateescu DM (2026). BPC-157 as an Investigational Peptide Therapeutic: Biopharmaceutical Challenges, Formulation Strategies, and Translational Development Barriers | Pharmaceutics | stability | PMID 42198317 |
| Review | cagrilintide | Hay DL (2015). Amylin: Pharmacology, Physiology, and Clinical Potential | Pharmacol Rev | pharmacology | PMID 26071095 |
| Animal | cagrilintide | Kruse T (2021). Development of Cagrilintide, a Long-Acting Amylin Analogue | J Med Chem | pharmacology | PMID 34288673 |
| Human trial | cagrilintide | Lau DCW (2021). Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial | Lancet | weight | PMID 34798060 |
| Human trial | cagrilintide | Enebo LB (2021). Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of concomitant administration of multiple doses of cagrilintide with semaglutide 2·4 mg for weight management: a randomised, controlled, phase 1b trial | Lancet | weight | PMID 33894838 |
| Human trial | cagrilintide | Frias JP (2023). Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2·4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2·4 mg in type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial | Lancet | glycemic | PMID 37364590 |
| Human trial | cagrilintide | Garvey WT (2025). Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity | N Engl J Med | weight | PMID 40544433 |
| Human trial | cagrilintide | Davies MJ (2025). Cagrilintide-Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes | N Engl J Med | glycemic | PMID 40544432 |
| Press release | cagrilintide | Novo Nordisk A/S (2025). Novo Nordisk files for FDA approval of CagriSema, the first once-weekly combination of GLP-1 and amylin analogues for weight management | — | other | Source |
| Press release | cagrilintide | Novo Nordisk A/S (2026). CagriSema demonstrated 23% weight loss in an open-label head-to-head REDEFINE 4 trial in people with obesity; the primary endpoint was not achieved | — | weight | Source |
| Registry | cagrilintide | ClinicalTrials.gov (year not listed). REDEFINE 3: A Research Study to See the Effects of CagriSema in People Living With Diseases in the Heart and Blood Vessels | — | cardiovascular | Source |
| In vitro | ghk-cu | Pickart L (1973). Tripeptide in human serum which prolongs survival of normal liver cells and stimulates growth in neoplastic liver | Nat New Biol | liver | PMID 4349963 |
| Review | ghk-cu | Pickart L (2015). GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration | Biomed Res Int | skin | PMID 26236730 |
| In vitro | ghk-cu | Lau SJ (1981). The interaction of copper(II) and glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine, a growth-modulating tripeptide from plasma | Biochem J | pharmacology | PMID 7340824 |
| In vitro | ghk-cu | Maquart FX (1988). Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ | FEBS Lett | skin | PMID 3169264 |
| Animal | ghk-cu | Siméon A (1999). Expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases in wounds: modulation by the tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ | J Invest Dermatol | wound-healing | PMID 10383745 |
| In vitro | ghk-cu | Siméon A (2000). The tripeptide-copper complex glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu2+ stimulates matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by fibroblast cultures | Life Sci | skin | PMID 11045606 |
| Review | ghk-cu | Pickart L (2014). GHK and DNA: resetting the human genome to health | Biomed Res Int | pharmacology | PMID 25302294 |
| In vitro | ghk-cu | Campbell JD (2012). A gene expression signature of emphysema-related lung destruction and its reversal by the tripeptide GHK | Genome Med | other | PMID 22937864 |
| Animal | ghk-cu | Canapp SO Jr (2003). The effect of topical tripeptide-copper complex on healing of ischemic open wounds | Vet Surg | wound-healing | PMID 14648529 |
| Animal | ghk-cu | Uno H (1993). Chemical agents and peptides affect hair growth | J Invest Dermatol | hair | PMID 8326148 |
| In vitro | ghk-cu | Pyo HK (2007). The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro | Arch Pharm Res | hair | PMID 17703734 |
| Animal | ghk-cu | Park JR (2016). The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice | Oncotarget | other | PMID 27517151 |
| Animal | ghk-cu | Bian Y (2024). The glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu2+ tripeptide complex attenuates lung inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis by targeting peroxiredoxin 6 | Redox Biol | other | PMID 38879894 |
| Animal | ghk-cu | Mao S (2025). Exploring the beneficial effects of GHK-Cu on an experimental model of colitis and the underlying mechanisms | Front Pharmacol | other | PMID 40672369 |
| In vitro | ghk-cu | Li H (2015). Microneedle-Mediated Delivery of Copper Peptide Through Skin | Pharm Res | skin | PMID 25690343 |
| Review | ghk-cu | Mortazavi SM (2025). Topically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: Advantages, problems and prospective | Bioimpacts | skin | PMID 39963574 |
| Review | ghk-cu | Mokhtar J (2026). The Regenerative Potential of GHK-Cu in Aesthetic Medicine | Aesthet Surg J | skin | PMID 42619529 |
| Review | ghk-cu | Pickart L (2018). Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data | Int J Mol Sci | pharmacology | PMID 29986520 |
| Review | mazdutide | Shirley M (2025). Mazdutide: First Approval | Drugs | pharmacology | PMID 41028652 |
| Press release | mazdutide | Innovent Biologics (2025). Innovent Announces Mazdutide, First Dual GCG/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Received Approval from China's NMPA for Chronic Weight Management | — | weight | Source |
| Press release | mazdutide | Innovent Biologics (2025). Innovent Announces Mazdutide Received Approval from China's NMPA for Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes | — | glycemic | Source |
| Human trial | mazdutide | Ji L (2025). Once-Weekly Mazdutide in Chinese Adults with Obesity or Overweight | N Engl J Med | weight | PMID 40421736 |
| Human trial | mazdutide | Zhu D (2026). Mazdutide versus placebo in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes | Nature | glycemic | PMID 41407859 |
| Human trial | mazdutide | Jiang H (2022). A phase 1b randomised controlled trial of a glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist IBI362 (LY3305677) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes | Nat Commun | glycemic | PMID 35750681 |
| Human trial | mazdutide | Ji L (2022). Safety and efficacy of a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist mazdutide (IBI362) 9 mg and 10 mg in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: A randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase 1b trial | EClinicalMedicine | weight | PMID 36247927 |
| Human trial | mazdutide | Ji L (2023). A phase 2 randomised controlled trial of mazdutide in Chinese overweight adults or adults with obesity | Nat Commun | weight | PMID 38092790 |
| Human trial | mazdutide | Zhang B (2024). Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial | Diabetes Care | glycemic | PMID 37943529 |
| Human trial | mazdutide | Ji L (2026). Mazdutide 9 mg in Chinese adults with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 but without diabetes: A phase 2 randomized controlled trial | Med | weight | PMID 41875890 |
| Human trial | mazdutide | Gao L (2026). Treatment With 9-mg Mazdutide for Weight Reduction in Chinese Adults With Obesity: The GLORY-2 Randomized Clinical Trial | JAMA | weight | PMID 42251595 |
| Human trial | mazdutide | Guo L (2026). Mazdutide versus dulaglutide in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes | Nature | glycemic | PMID 41407860 |
| Press release | mazdutide | Innovent Biologics (2025). Innovent's Mazdutide Shows Superiority in Glycemic Control with Weight Loss over Semaglutide in a Head-to-head Phase 3 Clinical Trial DREAMS-3 | — | glycemic | Source |
| Press release | mazdutide | Innovent Biologics (2025). Mazdutide 9mg Supplementary Application Accepted for Review by China's NMPA | — | other | Source |
| Review | mazdutide | Elmendorf AJ (2026). IUPHAR review: From foe to friend: Repurposing glucagon to treat obesity and type 2 diabetes | Pharmacol Res | pharmacology | PMID 41478576 |
| Press release | mazdutide | Innovent Biologics (2025). Mazdutide 9 mg Achieves Up to 20.1% Weight Loss in Chinese Adults with Obesity, GLORY-2 Study Meets Primary and All Key Secondary Endpoints | — | weight | Source |
| Human trial | mazdutide | Hsia SH (2026). Efficacy and safety of mazdutide in adults with obesity or overweight: a US-based, multicentre, phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial | Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol | weight | PMID 42628555 |
| Human trial | mazdutide | Bhattachar SN (2025). Mazdutide reduces body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: A high-dose Phase 1 trial | Diabetes Obes Metab | weight | PMID 40832785 |
| Press release | mazdutide | Innovent Biologics (2025). Phase 3 Clinical Study of Mazdutide in Chinese Adults with Overweight or Obesity (GLORY-1) Published in The New England Journal of Medicine | — | weight | Source |
| Animal | retatrutide | Coskun T (2022). LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: From discovery to clinical proof of concept | Cell Metab | pharmacology | PMID 35985340 |
| Human trial | retatrutide | Urva S (2022). LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trial | Lancet | glycemic | PMID 36354040 |
| Human trial | retatrutide | Jastreboff AM (2023). Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial | N Engl J Med | weight | PMID 37366315 |
| Human trial | retatrutide | Rosenstock J (2023). Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA | Lancet | glycemic | PMID 37385280 |
| Human trial | retatrutide | Sanyal AJ (2024). Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial | Nat Med | liver | PMID 38858523 |
| Human trial | retatrutide | Urva S (2023). The novel GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist retatrutide delays gastric emptying | Diabetes Obes Metab | pharmacology | PMID 37311727 |
| Human trial | retatrutide | Coskun T (2025). Effects of retatrutide on body composition in people with type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a phase 2, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, randomised trial | Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol | weight | PMID 40609566 |
| Human trial | retatrutide | Bajaj HS (2026). Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist, in people with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise (TRANSCEND-T2D-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial | Lancet | glycemic | PMID 42250575 |
| Press release | retatrutide | Eli Lilly and Company (2025). Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered weight loss of up to an average of 71.2 lbs along with substantial relief from osteoarthritis pain in first successful Phase 3 trial (TRIUMPH-4) | — | weight | Source |
| Press release | retatrutide | Eli Lilly and Company (2026). Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, delivered powerful weight loss in pivotal Phase 3 obesity trial (TRIUMPH-1, NCT05929066) | — | weight | Source |
| Press release | retatrutide | Eli Lilly and Company (2026). Lilly's triple agonist, retatrutide, successful in two additional Phase 3 obesity trials, delivering significant improvements in weight and A1C (TRIUMPH-2, NCT05929079; TRIUMPH-3, NCT05882045) | — | weight | Source |
| Registry | retatrutide | ClinicalTrials.gov (year not listed). The Effect of Retatrutide Once Weekly on Cardiovascular Outcomes and Kidney Outcomes in Adults Living With Obesity (TRIUMPH-Outcomes) | — | cardiovascular | Source |
| Review | retatrutide | Manning MC (2010). Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update | Pharm Res | stability | PMID 20143256 |
| Animal | semaglutide | Lau J (2015). Discovery of the once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue semaglutide | J Med Chem. | pharmacology | DOI |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Wilding JPH (2021). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity | N Engl J Med | weight | PMID 33567185 |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Davies M (2021). Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial | Lancet | weight | PMID 33667417 |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Garvey WT (2022). Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial | Nat Med | weight | PMID 36216945 |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Rubino DM (2022). Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial | JAMA | weight | PMID 35015037 |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Marso SP (2016). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes | N Engl J Med | cardiovascular | PMID 27633186 |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Pratley RE (2018). Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial | Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. | glycemic | DOI |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Husain M (2019). Oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 6) | N Engl J Med. | cardiovascular | DOI |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Lincoff AM (2023). Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes | N Engl J Med | cardiovascular | PMID 37952131 |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Perkovic V (2024). Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes | N Engl J Med | other | PMID 38785209 |
| Human trial | semaglutide | McGuire DK (2025). Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes | N Engl J Med | cardiovascular | PMID 40162642 |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Bonaca MP (2025). Semaglutide and walking capacity in people with symptomatic peripheral artery disease and type 2 diabetes (STRIDE): a phase 3b, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial | Lancet | cardiovascular | PMID 40169145 |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Sanyal AJ (2025). Phase 3 trial of semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (ESSENCE) | N Engl J Med. | liver | DOI |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Aronne LJ (2025). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity | N Engl J Med | weight | PMID 40353578 |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Jastreboff AM (2023). Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial | N Engl J Med | weight | PMID 37366315 |
| Human trial | semaglutide | Cummings JL (2025). evoke and evoke+: design of two large-scale, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 studies evaluating efficacy, safety, and tolerability of semaglutide in early-stage symptomatic Alzheimer's disease | Alzheimers Res Ther | neuro | PMID 39780249 |
| In vitro | semaglutide | Malgave A (2025). Influence of Buffering Capacity, pH, and Temperature on the Stability of Semaglutide: A Preformulation Study | J Pept Sci | stability | PMID 40635175 |
| In vitro | semaglutide | Akbar S (2026). Thermally Stressed Solid-State Stability of Semaglutide: Understanding the Influence of Temperature on Protein Content, Secondary Structure, Phase Transition, and Chemical Degradation | Pharm Res | stability | PMID 42086873 |
| In vitro | semaglutide | Hamley IW (2025). Semaglutide Aggregates into Oligomeric Micelles and Short Fibrils in Aqueous Solution | Biomacromolecules | stability | PMID 40355389 |
| Animal | survodutide | Thomas L (2024). The dual GCGR/GLP-1R agonist survodutide: Biomarkers and pharmacological profiling for clinical candidate selection | Diabetes Obes Metab | pharmacology | PMID 38560764 |
| Human trial | survodutide | Blüher M (2024). Dose-response effects on HbA1c and bodyweight reduction of survodutide, a dual glucagon/GLP-1 receptor agonist, compared with placebo and open-label semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised clinical trial | Diabetologia | glycemic | PMID 38095657 |
| Human trial | survodutide | le Roux CW (2024). Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial | Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol | weight | PMID 38330987 |
| Human trial | survodutide | Sanyal AJ (2024). A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Survodutide in MASH and Fibrosis | N Engl J Med | liver | PMID 38847460 |
| Human trial | survodutide | Noureddin M (2026). Weight reduction-dependent/-independent effects of survodutide on liver endpoints: Mediation analysis of a phase 2 trial in MASH | Hepatology | liver | PMID 42545725 |
| Human trial | survodutide | Lawitz EJ (2024). Efficacy, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of survodutide, a glucagon/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonist, in cirrhosis | J Hepatol | liver | PMID 38857788 |
| Human trial | survodutide | le Roux CW (2026). Survodutide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Adults with Obesity | N Engl J Med | weight | PMID 42253238 |
| Human trial | survodutide | Kaplan LM (2026). Survodutide in adults with obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial | Nat Med | liver | PMID 42252333 |
| Human trial | survodutide | Wharton S (2025). Survodutide for treatment of obesity: rationale and design of two randomized phase 3 clinical trials (SYNCHRONIZE™-1 and -2) | Obesity (Silver Spring) | weight | PMID 39495965 |
| Human trial | survodutide | Kosiborod MN (2024). Survodutide for the Treatment of Obesity: Rationale and Design of the SYNCHRONIZE Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial | JACC Heart Fail | cardiovascular | PMID 39453356 |
| Human trial | survodutide | le Roux CW (2025). Survodutide, a glucagon receptor/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonist, improves blood pressure in adults with obesity: A post hoc analysis from a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 2 trial | Diabetes Obes Metab | cardiovascular | PMID 39582349 |
| Press release | survodutide | Zealand Pharma / Boehringer Ingelheim (2026). Zealand Pharma announces Boehringer Ingelheim's novel glucagon/GLP-1 dual agonist survodutide achieved significant weight loss of 16.6% delivering meaningful metabolic improvement in people with obesity or overweight in Phase 3 trial (SYNCHRONIZE-1) | — | weight | Source |
| Press release | survodutide | Boehringer Ingelheim (2024). Boehringer receives U.S. FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation and initiates two phase III trials in MASH for survodutide (LIVERAGE; LIVERAGE-Cirrhosis) | — | liver | Source |
| Press release | survodutide | Zealand Pharma (2026). Zealand Pharma Announces Financial Results for the First Half of 2026 | — | other | Source |
| In vitro | tb-500 | Safer D (1991). Thymosin beta 4 and Fx, an actin-sequestering peptide, are indistinguishablefull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | J Biol Chem | pharmacology | PMID 1999398 |
| Review | tb-500 | Goldstein AL (2005). Thymosin beta4: actin-sequestering protein moonlights to repair injured tissuesfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Trends Mol Med | wound-healing | PMID 16099219 |
| Review | tb-500 | Ying Y (2023). Thymosin β4 and Actin: Binding Modes, Biological Functions and Clinical Applicationsfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Curr Protein Pept Sci | pharmacology | PMID 36464872 |
| Animal | tb-500 | Malinda KM (1999). Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healingfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | J Invest Dermatol | wound-healing | PMID 10469335 |
| Animal | tb-500 | Philp D (2004). Thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis, wound healing, and hair follicle developmentfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Mech Ageing Dev | wound-healing | PMID 15037013 |
| Animal | tb-500 | Philp D (2007). Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiationfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Ann N Y Acad Sci | hair | PMID 17947589 |
| Animal | tb-500 | Bock-Marquette I (2004). Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repairfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Nature | cardiovascular | PMID 15565145 |
| Animal | tb-500 | Smart N (2007). Thymosin beta4 induces adult epicardial progenitor mobilization and neovascularizationfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Nature | cardiovascular | PMID 17108969 |
| Animal | tb-500 | Sosne G (2002). Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injuryfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Exp Eye Res | wound-healing | PMID 11950239 |
| Human trial | tb-500 | Sosne G (2015). Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) modelfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Clin Ophthalmol | other | PMID 26056426 |
| Human trial | tb-500 | Sosne G (2015). Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trialfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Cornea | other | PMID 25826322 |
| Human trial | tb-500 | Sosne G (2022). 0.1% RGN-259 (Thymosin ß4) Ophthalmic Solution Promotes Healing and Improves Comfort in Neurotrophic Keratopathy Patients in a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Masked Phase III Clinical Trialfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Int J Mol Sci | wound-healing | PMID 36613994 |
| Other | tb-500 | Ho ENM (2012). Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry | J Chromatogr A | doping-control | PMID 23084823 |
| Other | tb-500 | Esposito S (2012). Synthesis and characterization of the N-terminal acetylated 17-23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB-500, a product suspected to possess doping potential | Drug Test Anal | doping-control | PMID 22962027 |
| Review | tb-500 | Kassem KM (2019). Tβ4-Ac-SDKP pathway: Any relevance for the cardiovascular system?Ac-SDKP metabolite of Tβ4, not TB-500 | Can J Physiol Pharmacol | cardiovascular | PMID 30854877 |
| Review | tb-500 | Xing Y (2021). Progress on the Function and Application of Thymosin β4full-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) | other | PMID 34992578 |
| Review | tb-500 | Bock-Marquette I (2023). Thymosin beta-4 denotes new directions towards developing prosperous anti-aging regenerative therapiesfull-length Tβ4, not TB-500 | Int Immunopharmacol | other | PMID 36709593 |
| Animal | tirzepatide | Coskun T (2018). LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept | Mol Metab | pharmacology | PMID 30473097 |
| Human trial | tirzepatide | Rosenstock J (2021). Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial | Lancet | glycemic | PMID 34186022 |
| Human trial | tirzepatide | Frías JP (2021). Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes | N Engl J Med | glycemic | PMID 34170647 |
| Human trial | tirzepatide | Jastreboff AM (2022). Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity | N Engl J Med | weight | PMID 35658024 |
| Human trial | tirzepatide | Garvey WT (2023). Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial | Lancet | weight | PMID 37385275 |
| Human trial | tirzepatide | Aronne LJ (2024). Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial | JAMA | weight | PMID 38078870 |
| Human trial | tirzepatide | Aronne LJ (2025). Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity | N Engl J Med | weight | PMID 40353578 |
| Human trial | tirzepatide | Jastreboff AM (2025). Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention | N Engl J Med | weight | PMID 39536238 |
| Human trial | tirzepatide | Malhotra A (2024). Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity | N Engl J Med | other | PMID 38912654 |
| Human trial | tirzepatide | Packer M (2025). Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity | N Engl J Med | cardiovascular | PMID 39555826 |
| Human trial | tirzepatide | Nicholls SJ (2025). Cardiovascular Outcomes with Tirzepatide versus Dulaglutide in Type 2 Diabetes | N Engl J Med | cardiovascular | PMID 41406444 |
| Press release | tirzepatide | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2022). FDA Approves Novel, Dual-Targeted Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes (Mounjaro) | — | glycemic | Source |
| Press release | tirzepatide | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2023). FDA Approves New Medication for Chronic Weight Management (Zepbound) | — | weight | Source |
| Press release | tirzepatide | Eli Lilly and Company (2024). FDA approves Zepbound (tirzepatide) as the first and only prescription medicine for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity | — | other | Source |
| Press release | tirzepatide | Pharmaceutical Technology (2026). ECO 2026: SURMOUNT-MAINTAIN proves tirzepatide sustains weight loss long term | — | weight | Source |
| Registry | tirzepatide | ClinicalTrials.gov (year not listed). A Study of Tirzepatide (LY3298176) on the Reduction on Morbidity and Mortality in Adults With Obesity (SURMOUNT-MMO) | — | cardiovascular | Source |
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| Human trial | ipamorelin | Gobburu JV (1999). Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers | Pharm Res | pharmacology | PMID 10496658 |
| Human trial | ipamorelin | Beck DE (2014). Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients | Int J Colorectal Dis | other | PMID 25331030 |
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| Animal | ipamorelin | Johansen PB (1999). Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats | Growth Horm IGF Res | bone | PMID 10373343 |
| Animal | ipamorelin | Svensson J (2000). The GH secretagogues ipamorelin and GH-releasing peptide-6 increase bone mineral content in adult female rats | J Endocrinol | bone | PMID 10828840 |
| Animal | ipamorelin | Andersen NB (2001). The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats | Growth Horm IGF Res | bone | PMID 11735244 |
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| Animal | ipamorelin | Aagaard NK (2009). Growth hormone and growth hormone secretagogue effects on nitrogen balance and urea synthesis in steroid treated rats | Growth Horm IGF Res | other | PMID 19231263 |
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| Animal | ipamorelin | Lu Z (2024). The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism | Physiol Behav | weight | PMID 39043357 |
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| Animal | cjc-1295 | Jetté L (2005). Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog | Endocrinology | pharmacology | PMID 15817669 |
| Review | cjc-1295 | Halmos G (2025). Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) and its signaling | Rev Endocr Metab Disord | pharmacology | PMID 39934495 |
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| Human trial | cjc-1295 | Teichman SL (2006). Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults | J Clin Endocrinol Metab | pharmacology | PMID 16352683 |
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| Other | cjc-1295 | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2024). FDA Briefing Document: Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) Meeting, December 4, 2024 (CJC-1295-related bulk drug substances) | — | safety | Source |
| Other | cjc-1295 | World Anti-Doping Agency (year not listed). The Prohibited List — Section S2, Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances, and Mimetics | — | doping-control | Source |
| In vitro | sermorelin | Guillemin R (1982). Growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic tumor that caused acromegaly | Science | pharmacology | PMID 6812220 |
| In vitro | sermorelin | Rivier J (1982). Characterization of a growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic islet tumour | Nature | pharmacology | PMID 6292724 |
| In vitro | sermorelin | Ling N (1984). Isolation, primary structure, and synthesis of human hypothalamic somatocrinin: growth hormone-releasing factor | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | pharmacology | PMID 6431406 |
| In vitro | sermorelin | Zhou F (2020). Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor | Nat Commun | pharmacology | PMID 33060564 |
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| Review | sermorelin | Prakash A (1999). Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency | BioDrugs | pharmacology | PMID 18031173 |
| Human trial | sermorelin | Hoeck HC (2000). Diagnosis of growth hormone (GH) deficiency in adults with hypothalamic-pituitary disorders: comparison of test results using pyridostigmine plus GH-releasing hormone (GHRH), clonidine plus GHRH, and insulin-induced hypoglycemia as GH secretagogues | J Clin Endocrinol Metab | other | PMID 10770183 |
| Human trial | sermorelin | Corneli G (2005). The cut-off limits of the GH response to GH-releasing hormone-arginine test related to body mass index | Eur J Endocrinol | other | PMID 16061832 |
| Human trial | sermorelin | Vittone J (1997). Effects of single nightly injections of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH 1-29) in healthy elderly men | Metabolism | other | PMID 9005976 |
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| Human trial | sermorelin | Falutz J (2007). Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV | N Engl J Med | other | PMID 18057338 |
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| Other | sermorelin | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2013). Determination That GEREF (Sermorelin Acetate) Injection, 0.5 Milligrams Base/Vial and 1.0 Milligrams Base/Vial, and GEREF (Sermorelin Acetate) Injection, 0.05 Milligrams Base/Amp, Were Not Withdrawn From Sale for Reasons of Safety or Effectiveness | Federal Register | safety | Source |
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| Human trial | tesamorelin | Stanley TL (2014). Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial | JAMA | liver | PMID 25038357 |
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| Human trial | tesamorelin | Baker LD (2012). Effects of growth hormone–releasing hormone on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: results of a controlled trial | Arch Neurol | neuro | PMID 22869065 |
| Human trial | tesamorelin | Friedman SD (2013). Growth hormone-releasing hormone effects on brain γ-aminobutyric acid levels in mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging | JAMA Neurol | neuro | PMID 23689947 |
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| Human observational | tesamorelin | Russo SC (2024). Efficacy and safety of tesamorelin in people with HIV on integrase inhibitorsnot described as randomized/controlled | AIDS | safety | PMID 38905488 |
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| Review | tesamorelin | Badran AS (2026). Body composition, hepatic fat, metabolic, and safety outcomes of Tesamorelin, a GHRH analogue, in HIV-associated lipodystrophy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials | Obes Res Clin Pract | other | PMID 41545261 |
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| Press release | tesamorelin | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2010). Approval letter for NDA 22-505 (Egrifta, tesamorelin for injection) | — | other | Source |
| Other | tesamorelin | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2019). Egrifta SV prescribing information, supplement approvals s012/s013 | — | other | Source |
| Press release | tesamorelin | Theratechnologies Inc. (2025). Theratechnologies Receives FDA Approval for EGRIFTA WR (Tesamorelin F8) to Treat Excess Visceral Abdominal Fat in Adults with HIV and Lipodystrophy | — | other | Source |
| Review | nad | Verdin E (2015). NAD⁺ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration | Science | neuro | PMID 26785480 |
| Review | nad | Rajman L (2018). Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence | Cell Metab | pharmacology | PMID 29514064 |
| Human trial | nad | Trammell SAJ (2016). Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humansPK/bioavailability study spanning mice and humans | Nat Commun | pharmacology | PMID 27721479 |
| Animal | nad | Camacho-Pereira J (2016). CD38 Dictates Age-Related NAD Decline and Mitochondrial Dysfunction through an SIRT3-Dependent Mechanism | Cell Metab | pharmacology | PMID 27304511 |
| Human observational | nad | Massudi H (2012). Age-associated changes in oxidative stress and NAD+ metabolism in human tissue | PLoS One | pharmacology | PMID 22848760 |
| Human trial | nad | Martens CR (2018). Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults | Nat Commun | safety | PMID 29599478 |
| Human trial | nad | Conze D (2019). Safety and Metabolism of Long-term Administration of NIAGEN (Nicotinamide Riboside Chloride) in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial of Healthy Overweight Adults | Sci Rep | safety | PMID 31278280 |
| Human trial | nad | Elhassan YS (2019). Nicotinamide Riboside Augments the Aged Human Skeletal Muscle NAD+ Metabolome and Induces Transcriptomic and Anti-inflammatory Signatures | Cell Rep | pharmacology | PMID 31412242 |
| Human trial | nad | Dollerup OL (2018). A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of nicotinamide riboside in obese men: safety, insulin-sensitivity, and lipid-mobilizing effects | Am J Clin Nutr | glycemic | PMID 29992272 |
| Human trial | nad | Remie CME (2020). Nicotinamide riboside supplementation alters body composition and skeletal muscle acetylcarnitine concentrations in healthy obese humans | Am J Clin Nutr | weight | PMID 32320006 |
| Review | nad | Damgaard MV (2023). What is really known about the effects of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in humans | Sci Adv | pharmacology | PMID 37478182 |
| Human trial | nad | Yoshino M (2021). Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women | Science | glycemic | PMID 33888596 |
| Human trial | nad | Okabe K (2022). Oral Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Is Safe and Efficiently Increases Blood Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Levels in Healthy Subjects | Front Nutr | safety | PMID 35479740 |
| Review | nad | Chen F (2024). Effects of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials | Curr Diab Rep | glycemic | PMID 39531138 |
| Human trial | nad | Grant R (2019). A Pilot Study Investigating Changes in the Human Plasma and Urine NAD+ Metabolome During a 6 Hour Intravenous Infusion of NADpilot study, small n | Front Aging Neurosci | pharmacology | PMID 31572171 |
| Review | nad | Reiten OK (2021). Preclinical and clinical evidence of NAD+ precursors in health, disease, and ageing | Mech Ageing Dev | pharmacology | PMID 34517020 |
| Animal | mots-c | Lee C (2015). The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance | Cell Metab | weight | PMID 25738459 |
| In vitro | mots-c | Kim KH (2018). The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress | Cell Metab | pharmacology | PMID 29983246 |
| Animal | mots-c | Hyatt JK (2022). MOTS-c increases in skeletal muscle following long-term physical activity and improves acute exercise performance after a single dose | Physiol Rep | other | PMID 35808870 |
| Animal | mots-c | Reynolds JC (2021). MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis | Nat Commun | other | PMID 33473109 |
| Human trial | mots-c | von Walden F (2021). Acute endurance exercise stimulates circulating levels of mitochondrial-derived peptides in humansHuman exercise intervention measuring endogenous peptides; not a trial of administered MOTS-c. | J Appl Physiol (1985) | other | PMID 34351816 |
| Human observational | mots-c | Alser M (2022). The Effect of Chronic Endurance Exercise on Serum Levels of MOTS-c and Humanin in Professional Athletes | Rev Cardiovasc Med | other | PMID 39077591 |
| Human observational | mots-c | Domin R (2023). MOTS-c Serum Concentration Positively Correlates with Lower-Body Muscle Strength and Is Not Related to Maximal Oxygen Uptake-A Preliminary Study | Int J Mol Sci | other | PMID 37834399 |
| Review | mots-c | Fuku N (2015). The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c: a player in exceptional longevity? | Aging Cell | other | PMID 26289118 |
| Human observational | mots-c | Zempo H (2021). A pro-diabetogenic mtDNA polymorphism in the mitochondrial-derived peptide, MOTS-c | Aging (Albany NY) | glycemic | PMID 33468709 |
| Human observational | mots-c | Kumagai H (2022). The MOTS-c K14Q polymorphism in the mtDNA is associated with muscle fiber composition and muscular performance | Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj | other | PMID 34728329 |
| Human observational | mots-c | Kim S (2024). The Relationship Between MOTS-c K14Q Polymorphism and Sarcopenia, Blood Lipids, and Mental Health in Older Korean Adults | Biomedicines | other | PMID 39457696 |
| Human observational | mots-c | Luo Z (2025). Reduced serum levels of mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c in patients with obstructive sleep apnea | Sleep Biol Rhythms | other | PMID 40538389 |
| Animal | mots-c | Kong BS (2025). Mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c prevents pancreatic islet cell senescence to delay diabetes | Exp Mol Med | glycemic | PMID 40855115 |
| Animal | mots-c | Pham T (2025). Mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c restores mitochondrial respiration in type 2 diabetic heart | Front Physiol | cardiovascular | PMID 40661667 |
| Human trial | melanotan-2 | Dorr RT (1996). Evaluation of melanotan-II, a superpotent cyclic melanotropic peptide in a pilot phase-I clinical study | Life Sci | skin | PMID 8637402 |
| Human trial | melanotan-2 | Wessells H (1998). Synthetic melanotropic peptide initiates erections in men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction: double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study | J Urol | other | PMID 9679884 |
| Review | melanotan-2 | Wessells H (2000). Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan II | Int J Impot Res | other | PMID 11035391 |
| Review | melanotan-2 | Molinoff PB (2003). PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction | Ann N Y Acad Sci | other | PMID 12851303 |
| Human trial | melanotan-2 | Kingsberg SA (2019). Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials | Obstet Gynecol | other | PMID 31599840 |
| Human trial | melanotan-2 | Langendonk JG (2015). Afamelanotide for Erythropoietic Protoporphyria | N Engl J Med | skin | PMID 26132941 |
| Review | melanotan-2 | Böhm M (2025). An overview of benefits and risks of chronic melanocortin-1 receptor activation | J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol | skin | PMID 39082868 |
| Review | melanotan-2 | Cone RD (2006). Studies on the physiological functions of the melanocortin system | Endocr Rev | pharmacology | PMID 17077189 |
| Human observational | melanotan-2 | Hjuler KF (2014). Melanoma associated with the use of melanotan-IIcase report | Dermatology | skin | PMID 24355990 |
| Human observational | melanotan-2 | Yassin Alsabbagh A (2025). Melanotan II nasal spray: a possible risk factor for oral mucosal malignant melanoma?case report | Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg | skin | PMID 40210573 |
| Human observational | melanotan-2 | Nelson ME (2012). Melanotan II injection resulting in systemic toxicity and rhabdomyolysiscase report | Clin Toxicol (Phila) | safety | PMID 23121206 |
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| Human observational | melanotan-2 | Dreyer BA (2019). Melanotan-induced priapism: a hard-earned tancase report | BMJ Case Rep | safety | PMID 30796078 |
| Human observational | melanotan-2 | Hueso-Gabriel L (2012). [Eruptive dysplastic nevi following melanotan use]case report | Actas Dermosifiliogr | skin | PMID 22425244 |
| Human observational | melanotan-2 | Langan EA (2009). Change in moles linked to use of unlicensed "sun tan jab"case report/case series | BMJ | skin | PMID 19174439 |
| Review | pt-141 | Molinoff PB (2003). PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction | Ann N Y Acad Sci | other | PMID 12851303 |
| Human trial | pt-141 | Diamond LE (2004). Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy males and patients with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction | Int J Impot Res | other | PMID 14963471 |
| Human trial | pt-141 | Rosen RC (2004). Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra | Int J Impot Res | other | PMID 14999221 |
| Human trial | pt-141 | Diamond LE (2005). Co-administration of low doses of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, and sildenafil to men with erectile dysfunction results in an enhanced erectile response | Urology | other | PMID 15833522 |
| Human trial | pt-141 | Clayton AH (2016). Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions in premenopausal women: a randomized, placebo-controlled dose-finding trial | Womens Health (Lond) | other | PMID 27181790 |
| Human trial | pt-141 | Kingsberg SA (2019). Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials | Obstet Gynecol | other | PMID 31599840 |
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| Review | pt-141 | Clayton AH (2022). Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development Programpooled/integrated safety analysis across trials | J Womens Health (Larchmt) | safety | PMID 35147466 |
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| Review | pt-141 | Cipriani S (2023). An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder | Expert Opin Pharmacother | other | PMID 36242769 |
| Review | pt-141 | Mintzes B (2021). Bremelanotide and flibanserin for low sexual desire in women: the fallacy of regulatory precedent | Drug Ther Bull | safety | PMID 34642243 |
| Animal | pt-141 | Borland JM (2025). Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder | Neuropharmacology | other | PMID 39793696 |
| Review | pt-141 | Sweeney P (2023). Targeting the central melanocortin system for the treatment of metabolic disorders | Nat Rev Endocrinol | pharmacology | PMID 37365323 |
| Review | pt-141 | Kingsberg SA (2021). Failure of a Meta-analysis: A Commentary on Glen Spielmans's "Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for 'Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Women'" | J Sex Res | other | PMID 33835907 |
| Review | pt-141 | Spielmans GI (2021). Re-Analyzing Phase III Bremelanotide Trials for "Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder" in Women | J Sex Res | other | PMID 33678061 |
| Press release | pt-141 | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2019). Approval letter, NDA 210557 (VYLEESI, bremelanotide injection) | — | other | Source |
| Other | pt-141 | U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2019). VYLEESI (bremelanotide injection) prescribing information, initial U.S. approval 2019 | — | other | Source |
| Other | pt-141 | Palatin Technologies, Inc. (2024). Form 8-K, Exhibit 99.1 (asset sale of Vyleesi to Cosette Pharmaceuticals, up to $171 million) | — | other | Source |
| Press release | pt-141 | Palatin Technologies, Inc. (2024). Palatin Provides Update on Clinical Programs, Strategic Priorities, and Anticipated Milestones | — | other | Source |
| Other | pt-141 | Palatin Technologies, Inc. (2010). Form 10-Q, quarterly report, fiscal year 2010 | — | other | Source |
| Review | epitalon | Araj SK (2025). Overview of Epitalon-Highly Bioactive Pineal Tetrapeptide with Promising Properties | Int J Mol Sci | pharmacology | PMID 40141333 |
| Review | epitalon | Khavinson VK (2021). Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review | Molecules | pharmacology | PMID 34834147 |
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| Animal | epitalon | Anisimov VN (2002). Inhibitory effect of peptide Epitalon on colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats | Cancer Lett | other | PMID 12049808 |
| Animal | epitalon | Anisimov VN (2002). Inhibitory effect of the peptide epitalon on the development of spontaneous mammary tumors in HER-2/neu transgenic mice | Int J Cancer | other | PMID 12209581 |
| Human observational | epitalon | Korkushko OV (2007). [Normalizing effect of the pineal gland peptides on the daily melatonin rhythm in old monkeys and elderly people]mixed monkey/human study; no randomization/blinding described | Adv Gerontol | other | PMID 17969590 |
| Human observational | epitalon | Khavinson VKh (2002). [Geroprotective effect of thymalin and epithalamin]266-patient open cohort; no randomization/blinding described (same dataset as ref 12) | Adv Gerontol | other | PMID 12577695 |
| Human observational | epitalon | Khavinson VKh (2003). Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life266-patient open cohort; no randomization/blinding described (same dataset as ref 11, English-language republication) | Neuro Endocrinol Lett | other | PMID 14523363 |
| Review | semax | Ashmarin IP (2005). Natural and hybrid ("chimeric") stable regulatory glyproline peptides | Pathophysiology | neuro | PMID 15837162 |
| In vitro | semax | Kost NV (2001). [Semax and selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum]] | Bioorg Khim | pharmacology | PMID 11443939 |
| Animal | semax | Dolotov OV (2006). Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus | Brain Res | neuro | PMID 16996037 |
| Animal | semax | Dolotov OV (2006). Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain | J Neurochem | neuro | PMID 16635254 |
| Animal | semax | Dolotov OV (2003). The heptapeptide SEMAX stimulates BDNF expression in different areas of the rat brain in vivo | Dokl Biol Sci | neuro | PMID 14556513 |
| In vitro | semax | Shadrina MI (2001). Rapid induction of neurotrophin mRNAs in rat glial cell cultures by Semax, an adrenocorticotropic hormone analog | Neurosci Lett | neuro | PMID 11457573 |
| Animal | semax | Shadrina M (2010). Comparison of the temporary dynamics of NGF and BDNF gene expression in rat hippocampus, frontal cortex, and retina under Semax action | J Mol Neurosci | neuro | PMID 19662538 |
| Animal | semax | Eremin KO (2005). Semax, an ACTH(4-10) analogue with nootropic properties, activates dopaminergic and serotoninergic brain systems in rodents | Neurochem Res | neuro | PMID 16362768 |
| Animal | semax | Medvedeva EV (2014). The peptide semax affects the expression of genes related to the immune and vascular systems in rat brain focal ischemia: genome-wide transcriptional analysis | BMC Genomics | neuro | PMID 24661604 |
| Animal | semax | Filippenkov IB (2020). Novel Insights into the Protective Properties of ACTH(4-7)PGP (Semax) Peptide at the Transcriptome Level Following Cerebral Ischaemia-Reperfusion in Rats | Genes (Basel) | neuro | PMID 32580520 |
| Animal | semax | Filippenkov IB (2024). Changes of Transcriptomic Activity in Rat Brain Cells under the Influence of Synthetic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Like Peptides | Biochemistry (Mosc) | neuro | PMID 39418522 |
| Human trial | semax | Gusev EI (1997). [Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study)]Russian-language journal | Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova | neuro | PMID 11517472 |
| Human trial | semax | Miasoedova NF (1999). [Investigation of mechanisms of neuro-protective effect of semax in acute period of ischemic stroke]Russian-language journal | Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova | neuro | PMID 10358912 |
| Human trial | semax | Gusev EI (2005). [Semax in prevention of disease progress and development of exacerbations in patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency]Russian-language journal | Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova | neuro | PMID 15792140 |
| Human trial | semax | Gusev EI (2018). [The efficacy of semax in the tretament of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke]Russian-language journal | Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova | neuro | PMID 29798983 |
| Animal | semax | Radchenko AI (2025). The Potential of the Peptide Drug Semax and Its Derivative for Correcting Pathological Impairments in the Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease | Acta Naturae | neuro | PMID 41479572 |
| Animal | semax | Liu R (2025). Semax peptide targets the μ opioid receptor gene Oprm1 to promote deubiquitination and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in female mice | Br J Pharmacol | neuro | PMID 40692165 |
| In vitro | semax | Kolbaev SN (2025). The Effect of Peptide Semax, an ACTH(4-10) Analogue, on Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Rat Brain Neurons | Bull Exp Biol Med | neuro | PMID 41171324 |
| Review | selank | Siebert A (2017). Tuftsin - Properties and Analogs | Curr Med Chem | pharmacology | PMID 28745220 |
| Review | selank | Vyunova TV (2018). Peptide-based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological Activity | Protein Pept Lett | pharmacology | PMID 30255741 |
| Animal | selank | Medvedeva EV (2014). [Effect of tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro on rat brain transcriptome in focal ischemia] | Mol Biol (Mosk) | neuro | PMID 25850296 |
| In vitro | selank | Zozulya AA (2001). The inhibitory effect of Selank on enkephalin-degrading enzymes as a possible mechanism of its anxiolytic activity | Bull Exp Biol Med | pharmacology | PMID 11550013 |
| Animal | selank | Sokolov OY (2002). Effects of Selank on behavioral reactions and activities of plasma enkephalin-degrading enzymes in mice with different phenotypes of emotional and stress reactions | Bull Exp Biol Med | neuro | PMID 12432865 |
| In vitro | selank | Kost NV (2001). [Semax and selank inhibit the enkephalin-degrading enzymes from human serum]] | Bioorg Khim | pharmacology | PMID 11443939 |
| In vitro | selank | Filatova E (2017). GABA, Selank, and Olanzapine Affect the Expression of Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission in IMR-32 Cells | Front Pharmacol | neuro | PMID 28293190 |
| Animal | selank | Volkova A (2016). Selank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission | Front Pharmacol | neuro | PMID 26924987 |
| In vitro | selank | Povarov IS (2017). Effect of Selank on Spontaneous Synaptic Activity of Rat Hippocampal CA1 Neurons | Bull Exp Biol Med | neuro | PMID 28361410 |
| Animal | selank | Inozemtseva LS (2008). Intranasal administration of the peptide Selank regulates BDNF expression in the rat hippocampus in vivo | Dokl Biol Sci | neuro | PMID 18841804 |
| Animal | selank | Kolik LG (2019). Selank, Peptide Analogue of Tuftsin, Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Memory Impairment by Regulating of BDNF Content in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex in Rats | Bull Exp Biol Med | neuro | PMID 31625062 |
| Animal | selank | Leonidovna YA (2021). The Influence of Selank on the Level of Cytokines Under the Conditions of "Social" Stress | Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol | other | PMID 32621722 |
| Human trial | selank | Uchakina ON (2008). [Immunomodulatory effects of selank in patients with anxiety-asthenic disorders]Russian-language journal; mixed ex-vivo/in-vivo design | Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova | other | PMID 18577961 |
| Animal | selank | Kolomin T (2011). Expression of inflammation-related genes in mouse spleen under tuftsin analog Selank | Regul Pept | other | PMID 21609736 |
| Animal | selank | Kolomin T (2014). The temporary dynamics of inflammation-related genes expression under tuftsin analog Selank action | Mol Immunol | other | PMID 24291245 |
| Animal | selank | Kolomin TA (2010). Transcriptomic response of rat hippocampus and spleen cells to single and chronic administration of the peptide selank | Dokl Biochem Biophys | neuro | PMID 20380151 |
| Animal | selank | Kolomin TA (2013). [Transcriptome alteration in hippocampus under the treatment of tuftsin analog Selank] | Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova | neuro | PMID 24450168 |
| Human trial | selank | Zozulia AA (2008). [Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new peptide anxiolytic selank in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorders and neurasthenia]Russian-language journal | Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova | neuro | PMID 18454096 |
| Human trial | selank | Medvedev VE (2014). [A comparison of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of selank and phenazepam in the treatment of anxiety disorders]Russian-language journal | Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova | neuro | PMID 25176261 |
| Human trial | selank | Medvedev VE (2015). [Optimization of the treatment of anxiety disorders with selank]Russian-language journal | Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova | neuro | PMID 26356395 |
| Animal | selank | Kasian A (2017). Peptide Selank Enhances the Effect of Diazepam in Reducing Anxiety in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Conditions in Rats | Behav Neurol | neuro | PMID 28280289 |
| Review | selank | Doyno CR (2021). Sedative-Hypnotic Agents That Impact Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors: Focus on Flunitrazepam, Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid, Phenibut, and Selank | J Clin Pharmacol | neuro | PMID 34396551 |
| In vitro | selank | Kobylyanskii AG (2017). Studying the Toxic Effects of Some Biologically Active Peptides on the Model of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells | Bull Exp Biol Med | safety | PMID 29063333 |
| Animal | ghrp-6 | Bowers CY (1984). On the in vitro and in vivo activity of a new synthetic hexapeptide that acts on the pituitary to specifically release growth hormoneRead the citing comparisonIncludes in-vitro and animal experiments. | Endocrinology | pharmacology | PMID 6714155 |
| Human trial | ghrp-2 | Arvat E (1997). Effects of GHRP-2 and hexarelin, two synthetic GH-releasing peptides, on GH, prolactin, ACTH and cortisol levels in man. Comparison with the effects of GHRH, TRH and hCRHRead the citing comparisonAcute endocrine challenge with GHRP-2 and hexarelin. | Peptides | endocrine | PMID 9285939 |
| Animal | ghrp-2 | Okada K (1996). Intracerebroventricular administration of the growth hormone-releasing peptide KP-102 increases food intake in free-feeding ratsRead the citing comparisonKP-102 (GHRP-2) experiment in rats. | Endocrinology | metabolic | PMID 8895390 |
| Animal | ghrp-6 | Granado M (2010). The positive effects of growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 on weight gain and fat mass accrual depend on the insulin/glucose statusRead the citing comparisonPreclinical study of GHRP-6 under differing metabolic conditions. | Endocrinology | metabolic | PMID 20219977 |
| Human trial | ghrp-6 | Bowers CY (1993). GH releasing peptides--structure and kineticsRead the citing comparisonReports human GH responses and pharmacokinetics for GHRP-6, GHRP-1 and GHRP-2. | J Pediatr Endocrinol | pharmacology | PMID 8374685 |
| Review | ghrp-2 | No author listed (2004). Pralmorelin: GHRP 2, GPA 748, growth hormone-releasing peptide 2, KP-102 D, KP-102 LN, KP-102D, KP-102LNRead the citing comparisonDrug-development review of pralmorelin (GHRP-2). | Drugs R D | pharmacology | PMID 15230633 |
| Human trial | ghrelin | Wren AM (2001). Ghrelin enhances appetite and increases food intake in humansRead the citing comparisonGhrelin study cited for mechanism context; not a GHRP-2 or GHRP-6 treatment trial. | J Clin Endocrinol Metab | metabolic | PMID 11739476 |
| Review | growth-hormone-deficiency | Fukuda I (2014). Adult growth hormone deficiency: current conceptsRead the citing comparisonBackground review cited in the secretagogue comparison. | Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) | endocrine | PMID 25070016 |
| Human observational | semaglutide | Wilding JPH (2022). Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension | Diabetes Obes Metab | weight-regain | PMID 35441470 |
| Human trial | ghrp-2 | Laferrère B (2005). Growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy menRead the citing comparison | J Clin Endocrinol Metab | appetite | PMID 15699539 |
| Human observational | bpc-157 | Lee E (2021). Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee PainUncontrolled retrospective knee-pain report; includes BPC-157 alone and BPC-157 plus reported TB4. Does not establish efficacy or synergy. | Altern Ther Health Med | musculoskeletal | PMID 34324435 |
| Human trial | tb-500 | Ruff D (2010). A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteersFull-length thymosin beta-4 research; not the TB-500 fragment. | Ann N Y Acad Sci | pharmacokinetics | PMID 20536472 |
| Human trial | tb-500 | Wang X (2021). A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteersFull-length thymosin beta-4 research; not the TB-500 fragment. | J Cell Mol Med | pharmacokinetics | PMID 34346165 |
| Human trial | tb-500 | Guarnera G (2010). The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcersFull-length thymosin beta-4 research; not the TB-500 fragment. | Ann N Y Acad Sci | wound-healing | PMID 20536470 |
| Human observational | bpc-157 | Lee E (2021). Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee PainRead the citing comparisonUncontrolled retrospective knee-pain report; includes BPC-157 alone and BPC-157 plus reported TB4. Does not establish efficacy or synergy. | Altern Ther Health Med | musculoskeletal | PMID 34324435 |
| Human trial | tb-500 | Ruff D (2010). A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteersRead the citing comparisonFull-length thymosin beta-4 research; not the TB-500 fragment. | Ann N Y Acad Sci | pharmacokinetics | PMID 20536472 |
| Human trial | tb-500 | Guarnera G (2010). The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcersRead the citing comparisonFull-length thymosin beta-4 research; not the TB-500 fragment. | Ann N Y Acad Sci | wound-healing | PMID 20536470 |
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